Health markers, explained
What each marker means, typical ranges, why it may be high or low — plus research-backed health articles.
📖 Health articles
Summer vs Winter Blood Tests: Seasonal Changes
How seasons change vitamin D, TSH, hemoglobin, and CRP levels, and when to schedule blood tests.
Smartwatches: HRV, SpO2, and Sleep Data
What smartwatch HRV, SpO2, and sleep data mean, when they matter, and what their limits are.
Inflammation and Diet: How Food Affects CRP
How the Mediterranean diet, omega-3, fiber, and processed foods affect CRP and chronic inflammation.
Vegan Diet: What to Check in Your Blood Tests
Key blood tests for vegetarians and vegans: B12, iron, ferritin, vitamin D, zinc, and other markers.
Menopause: The Most Important Blood Tests
Key menopause blood tests: FSH, estradiol, lipids, TSH, vitamin D, glucose, and inflammation markers.
B12 and Folate: Nerve and Blood Health
B12 and folate deficiency can affect nerves and blood long before symptoms appear. Who is most at risk and what you need to know.
Kidney Function: What Creatinine and eGFR Reveal
Creatinine and eGFR show how well your kidneys filter blood. Learn what these markers mean and why early detection of problems matters.
Testosterone: What a Man's Blood Test Really Shows
Testosterone governs muscles, energy, mood and metabolism. Learn what your blood test numbers mean and how lifestyle drives levels.
Vitamin D: Immunity, Bones and Mood
Vitamin D is far more than a bone vitamin. It regulates immunity, mood and muscle function. Who is at risk of deficiency — and what to do about it.
Liver Enzymes: What ALT, AST and GGT Tell You
ALT, AST and GGT are three liver stress markers in a standard blood test. Learn what elevated levels mean and how lifestyle drives results.
Constant Fatigue: What 5 Blood Markers Can Reveal
Fatigue is the most common complaint doctors hear — and one of the most common cases where the answer hides in a simple blood test. Five markers worth knowing.
Complete Blood Count
- White Blood CellsLearn what a white blood cell (WBC) count measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean for your health.
- HemoglobinLearn what hemoglobin (Hgb) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may be associated with.
- PlateletsLearn what a platelet (PLT) count measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean for your health.
- Neutrophils %What neutrophils (NEUT%) mean in your blood test: normal range 40–70 %, causes of high or low values, and when to see your doctor.
- Lymphocytes %What lymphocytes (LYMPH%) mean in your blood test: normal range 20–45 %, causes of high or low values, and when to see your doctor.
- Monocytes %What monocytes (MONO%) mean in your blood test: normal range 2–10 %, causes of high or low values, and when to see your doctor.
- Eosinophils %What are eosinophils (EOS%), reference ranges, causes of high or low levels, and questions to ask your doctor.
- Basophils (Absolute)Basophils are the rarest white blood cells, involved in allergic reactions. Learn what BASO# means in your blood test.
- Basophils %Basophils are the rarest white blood cells, linked to allergies. Learn what BASO% means in your complete blood count.
- Immature Granulocytes (Absolute)IG# shows the absolute count of immature granulocytes in blood — an early marker of infection and bone marrow activity.
- Immature Granulocytes %IG% shows the percentage of immature granulocytes among all white blood cells — an early marker of infection and bone marrow response.
- NRBC (Absolute)What nucleated red blood cells (NRBC#) mean in your blood test: normally undetectable in adults, causes of their appearance, and when to see your doctor.
- NRBC %NRBC% shows the proportion of nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells. Normally absent in adults. Learn what elevated NRBC% means.
- Reticulocytes (Absolute)Reticulocytes RET# reflect bone marrow activity. Learn what a high or low absolute reticulocyte count means for your health.
- Reticulocytes %Reticulocytes RET% show the share of young red blood cells in blood. Learn what elevated or reduced values mean.
- IRF (Immature Reticulocyte Fraction)Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF%) shows the proportion of the youngest reticulocytes. Learn what elevated or low IRF% means in your blood test.
- LFR (Low-Fluorescence Reticulocytes)LFR% shows the proportion of mature reticulocytes in blood. Learn what changes in this value mean on your blood test report.
- MFR (Medium-Fluorescence Reticulocytes)MFR% measures the mid-maturity fraction of reticulocytes, reflecting current bone marrow output and treatment response.
- HFR (High-Fluorescence Reticulocytes)HFR% identifies the youngest reticulocytes in circulation, making it the most sensitive early marker of acute bone marrow activity changes.
- RET-He (Reticulocyte Hemoglobin)RET-He measures the hemoglobin packed into new red cells, revealing iron availability in real time — often before hemoglobin itself drops.
- RDW-SDRDW-SD quantifies the spread of red cell sizes in femtoliters; elevated values indicate anisocytosis from nutritional or hemolytic causes.
- MPVMPV measures average platelet size. Learn why it may be elevated or decreased and what it means for your health.
- PDWPDW shows the variability in platelet size in the blood. Learn what an elevated or decreased PDW result means.
- P-LCRP-LCR indicates the proportion of large platelets in the blood. Learn what causes elevated or decreased P-LCR values.
- Plateletcrit (PCT)Plateletcrit (PCT) shows the fraction of blood volume occupied by platelets. Learn what causes abnormal PCT and what to do.
Metabolic Panel
- Glucose (Fasting)Learn what fasting glucose (FBG) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may indicate.
- HbA1cLearn what HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean.
- CreatinineLearn what creatinine (Cr) measures, why kidney function matters, and what high or low levels may mean for your health.
- eGFRLearn what eGFR measures, typical reference ranges, causes of high or low results, and how to track your kidney health over time.
- Ionized CalciumIonized Calcium (Ca++) is the biologically active form of calcium in blood. Learn what elevated or low levels mean and what to do next.
- C-peptideC-peptide is a marker of insulin production that helps distinguish diabetes types and assess insulin resistance.
- LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)What is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), normal ranges, why LDH may be elevated or low, and what to do with your results.
- AmylaseLearn what amylase is, normal blood ranges (28–100 U/L), causes of high or low levels, and when to consult your doctor.
- LipaseLearn what lipase is, normal blood ranges (13–60 U/L), causes of high or low levels, and when to consult your doctor.
- PhosphorusLearn what phosphorus is, why it may be high or low, reference ranges, and when to see a doctor about your results.
Liver Function
- ALTA clear, doctor-informed guide to understanding your ALT (alanine aminotransferase) results, reference ranges, and what to do next.
- ASTAST is a liver and muscle enzyme; learn what normal ranges mean, why levels rise or fall, and how to track it over time.
- GGTA plain-language guide to GGT, the liver enzyme test sensitive to alcohol, bile ducts, and certain medications.
- Bilirubin, directLearn what direct bilirubin is, why it may be high or low, reference ranges, and when to see a doctor.
Lipid Panel
- Total CholesterolLearn what Total Cholesterol (TC) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low levels may mean for your health.
- LDL CholesterolUnderstand what LDL cholesterol measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean for your health.
- HDL CholesterolA clear, medically careful guide to HDL cholesterol (HDL), what it measures, typical ranges, and what high or low results may mean.
- TriglyceridesLearn what triglycerides (TG) measure, typical reference ranges, and what high or low levels may mean for your health.
- Atherogenic IndexAtherogenic Index (TC/HDL) — a cardiovascular risk ratio. Learn what elevated or low values mean and how to improve them.
Thyroid
Hormones
- Testosterone (Total)Learn what a total testosterone (T) test measures, typical reference ranges, and what may raise or lower your results.
- EstradiolLearn what estradiol (E2) measures, typical reference ranges, causes of high or low results, and how to track this hormone over time.
- SHBGSHBG controls the amount of free sex hormones in your blood. Learn what high or low levels mean for your health.
- DHEA-SWhat is DHEA-S, reference ranges, causes of high or low levels, and questions to ask your doctor.
- Cortisol (AM)Understand what morning cortisol (AM cortisol) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean.
- ProlactinLearn what a prolactin (PRL) blood test measures, typical reference ranges, and what higher or lower results may mean.
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)LH hormone — what it is, reference ranges for men and women, causes of elevated and low levels.
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)FSH — what it is, normal ranges, why it may be high or low, and what to discuss with your doctor.
- ProgesteroneProgesterone is a key female hormone involved in ovulation, pregnancy, and cycle regulation. Guide to normal levels and causes.
- AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone)AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone) is an ovarian reserve marker, important for fertility assessment and pregnancy planning.
- PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)PTH regulates calcium and phosphate. Why parathyroid hormone may be elevated or low and what to do.
Vitamins & Minerals
- Vitamin D (25-OH)A plain-language guide to the Vitamin D (25-OH) blood test, its reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean.
- Vitamin B12Understand what a Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) blood test measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may indicate.
- FolateLearn what a folate blood test measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low folate levels may mean for your health.
- FerritinFerritin reflects your body's stored iron; learn what typical ranges mean and why levels shift over time.
- Iron (Serum)Understand what a serum iron (Fe) test measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may indicate.
- TIBCTIBC shows how much iron your blood can bind. A high value often signals iron deficiency.
- MagnesiumLearn what a serum magnesium (Mg) test measures, what affects results, and how to track this mineral marker over time.
- ZincZinc supports immunity and wound healing. Learn what abnormal levels mean and when to act.
- TransferrinWhat is transferrin, normal ranges (2.0-3.6 g/L), why it may be high or low, and what to do with your results.
- Transferrin SaturationWhat is transferrin saturation (TSAT), normal ranges (20–50%), why it may be abnormal, and what to do with your result.
Inflammation
- hs-CRPUnderstand what hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) measures, typical reference ranges, and what high or low results may mean.
- ESRESR measures non-specific inflammation by timing how fast red blood cells settle. Learn about reference ranges, causes, and monitoring.
- HomocysteineHomocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid linked to cardiovascular health. Learn about reference ranges, B vitamins, and monitoring.
- Uric AcidLearn what uric acid (UA) levels reveal about purine metabolism, gout risk, and metabolic health, and how to track them over time.
Coagulation & Cardiac
- D-dimerD-Dimer shows fibrinolysis activity. Learn what an elevated D-Dimer level means and when to see a doctor.
- Troponin TTroponin T (TnT) is a marker of heart muscle damage. Learn what elevated levels mean, their causes, and when to see a doctor.
- FibrinogenWhat is fibrinogen, normal ranges (2.0–4.0 g/L), why values may change, and when to see a doctor. A reliable guide.
- INR (Prothrombin Time)What is INR (prothrombin time), normal ranges (0.8–1.2), why values may change, and what to do if results are abnormal.
- CK (Creatine Kinase)What is creatine kinase (CK), normal ranges, why CK may be elevated or low, and when to see a doctor.
Urinalysis
- Urine ProteinUrine Protein (PRO) is a kidney filter status indicator. Learn what protein in urine means, causes, and when to see a doctor.
- Urine GlucoseUrine glucose indicates the amount of sugar in urine. Learn what a positive result means and how it relates to your health.
- Urine KetonesUrine ketones appear when your body burns fat for energy. Learn the causes, normal values, and what to do next.
- Urine BilirubinBilirubin in urine may indicate liver or bile duct problems. Learn what a positive result means and what to do next.
- Urine UrobilinogenWhat urine urobilinogen (UBG) shows, what high or low values mean, reference ranges, and when to see a doctor.
- Urine Blood (Ery)Red blood cells (blood) in urine — what a positive result means, common causes, and when to see a doctor.
- Urine LeukocytesUrine leukocytes (LEU) -- what a positive result means, common causes, and what additional tests may be needed.
- Urine NitritesUrine nitrites (NIT) — what a positive result means, the link to urinary tract infections, and when to see a doctor.
- Urine pHUrine pH measures urine acidity (normal range 4.5-8.0). Learn what causes fluctuations and when to consult a doctor.
- Urine Specific GravityUrine specific gravity (SG, normal 1.005–1.030) reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine and the body's hydration level.
Serology & Infection
- Borrelia IgG (Lyme)Borrelia IgG antibodies indicate past contact with Borrelia bacteria. Results may be positive, negative, or equivocal.
- Borrelia IgM (Lyme)Borrelia IgM antibodies may indicate early contact with Borrelia bacteria. Results are interpreted alongside IgG and symptoms.
- TBE IgG (Tick-borne Encephalitis)What are TBE IgG antibodies, what positive or negative results mean, and when to consult your doctor.
- TBE IgM (Tick-borne Encephalitis)What are TBE IgM antibodies, what a positive result means, and what to do after receiving your result.
- SARS-CoV-2 AntibodiesWhat are SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, what positive or negative results mean, and their clinical significance.
Tumor markers
Wearables & body metrics
- Resting Heart RateWhat is resting heart rate, normal ranges (40–100 bpm), why it may change, and how to track trends over time.
- HRV (Heart Rate Variability)What is HRV, why there are no universal norms, how to interpret your data, and when to see a doctor.
- Sleep DurationWhat is sleep duration, recommended ranges (7–9 hours), why it may be off, and how to track trends over time.
- Deep SleepDeep Sleep: what it is, how much you need, why it decreases, and what your smartwatch data actually shows.
- REM SleepREM Sleep: how much you need, why it decreases, and what smartwatch data reveals about your sleep quality.
- Nightly SpO2Nightly SpO2: what it is, normal ranges, why it drops during sleep, and when to consult a physician.
- Body Temperature DeviationBody Temperature Deviation: what nightly data means and when it is worth consulting a physician.
- WeightBody weight is a key metabolic health indicator. Learn how to track weight, why it fluctuates, and what trends reveal.
- Body Fat %Body fat percentage reflects body composition more accurately than weight. Learn what values are normal, what affects them, and how to track.